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Nieto&Quevedo（2005）[47] 406个西班牙制造企业 2001 问卷调查 量表计分 技术机会 TD促进企业创新能力和吸收能力 Garcia-Vega（2006）[27] 15个欧洲国家的544个企业 19952000 欧洲专利事务局数据 Herfindahl指数 专利的分布程度 TD促进企业财务绩效和技术绩效 Chiu et al.（2008）[12] 582个台湾企业 19972005 专利数据库 Herfindahl指数 专利的分布程度 互补资产在TD促进财务绩效中起调控作用 Leten et al.（2007）[33] 184个欧美日企业 19952003 欧洲专利数据库 Herfindahl指数 专利的分布程度 TD与企业技术绩效呈倒“U”关系 Liu&Chen（2007）[67] 中国IT产业100强 20002005 中国专利数据库 Herfindahl指数 专利的分布程度 TD促进企业创新绩效 Q-Garcia&B-Velasco（2008）[34] 115个美国企业 19762002 美国专利数据库 Herfindahl指数 专利的分布程度 TD促进企业创新绩效 何郁冰（2008）[48] 191个中国企业 2008 问卷调查 量表计分 技术分布广度 TD促进企业绩效，产品创新战略是中介变量 资料来源：本研究整理（TD：technological diversification） 4 结语与未来研究展望 315 从技术多元化与竞争优势关系的研究来看，目前已有较多的文献探讨二者的关系，但是与业务/产品多元化、市场多元化（如国际化）的研究相比，技术多元化还是一个年轻的研究领域，目前尚缺乏一个完整的理论体系，以指导企业如何根据自身资源、知识、产品体系，选择正确的技术多元化模式，有效地管理多样性的技术资源。尽管理论界和实践界都认识到技术多元化战略对企业获取竞争优势的重要性，但无论是资源观、能力理论还是演化经济学320 都未系统解决技术多元化战略的关键问题，如多样性技术组合中的知识管理、多元化过程中的技术探索和技术挖掘的平衡、内部研发和外部技术获取的结合、技术多元化对企业绩效的影响机制、面向技术多元化的组织变革等等。目前的研究侧重于分析技术多元化与企业发展的计量关系、技术多元化过程中的知识相关性与组织一致性、技术多元化与其他类型多元化的关系，所考虑的问题主要是技术多元化的“后果”，较少分析技术多元化的内部结构及推325 进机制，而这正是技术多元化战略管理需要考虑的问题，因此研究企业技术多元化战略的模式划分、选择及影响因素是一个有前景的领域。另外，现有研究对技术多元化的界定大多基于专利、科技论文、研发经费等显性信息，没有重视隐性知识积累过程（如干中学、用中学），也未从前因、结果、情景等维度进行整合研究，导致技术多元化概念尚不明晰，管理对策不强，因此开发出科学的技术多元化战略的测度指标是未来值得深入的方向。 330 技术多元化对中国产业的创新与竞争成长具有重要的管理启示。长期以来，我国制造企业困扰于低技术定位与过度竞争问题，企业间的竞争往往集中于产品的成本而非产品技术的创新性上。许多企业对研发投入不够重视，技术能力单一，以致产品创新能力不足，缺乏创新型产品，最终造成竞争优势的削弱或消失。因此，研究中国企业如何通过积累多技术能力以有效地摆脱低成本优势依赖、提高产品附加值，跨越“以市场换技术”的传统模式，提升335 竞争能力，是一个有意义的话题。尽管少数国内学者做了相关的理论探索和实证研究，肯定了技术多元化对中国企业发展的重要价值，但目前中国企业尤其是技术密集型制造企业的有关研究还极少考虑技术多元化战略采用所带来的影响，我国企业通过技术多元化提高竞争绩效的机理与途径，与发达国家企业是否有区别，有何特性都尚需深入研究。 特别地，当前需要探析技术多元化与企业发展阶段的动态匹配模式及机制。技术多元化340 只是提供了机会，并不意味着所有企业或企业在所有发展阶段中都能通过技术多元化获得同样意义的发展，技术战略、技术与产品整合的差异都影响着技术多元化模式的选择及其绩效作用，现有研究尚无从战略层面分析在不同发展阶段中企业应该选择何种多元化模式更能促进绩效提升。此外，还可以研究技术多元化对企业开展复杂产品系统创新的作用及机理，因为与简单产品相比，复杂产品创新所需的技术知识范围要大得多，这对企业技术多元化提出345 了更高的要求。开展上述这些研究无论在理论构思和研究方法上都对研究者提出了更高的要求，但具有非常重要的理论和实际意义。 [参考文献] (References) [1] Fai, F. 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