|
435 （5）组织随着环境的变化而变化。①由于政策环境的变化，党中央由1984 年正式提出 “军转民”战略后，各科研院所与军工企业开始实施“军民结合”战略。②现在的军品采购 机制对于军工企业和科研院所来说相对稳定，在领导层掌握足够多的信息后，可以很快做出 决策，集中控制，促进效率；而民品外部环境相对不稳定，信息较为分散，市场营销方式亦 需要创新，这就造成了决策分散，使军品与民品不能在一个完全相同的机制内运作。所以很 440 多军工企业和科研院所选择组织变革来转型。单一的组织结构会使所有的子单元都聚焦在一 个任务上，整合型组织更容易分享同样的组织文化，而服务型军工企业都需要共享“顾客是 上帝”的经营理念。对于技术型军工企业来说，军品、民品技术标准的不同，采用松散耦合 型的组织则可以适应多样性的战略实施以及不同的市场营销方法。 4.2 研究展望 445 现阶段中，我国实施“军民战略”的阻碍仍然比较多，比如许多军工企业的员工市场观 念薄弱，军品与民品技术标准不一致，军品的保密机制，军用技术与民用技术信息不对称等 问题，造成我国军用技术与民用技术之间隔阂越来越深，重复研究，资源浪费严重，也造成 了效率的极度低下，回报亦有限。在我国军品与民品尚属于两个独立系统的特殊时期，特别 是在技术型军工企业和科研院所中，转变员工观念，认同军品与民品同样重要，通过建立松 450 散耦合型组织来减少外部环境对整个组织的影响是非常有必要的。 总之，“军民结合”战略的实施是一项涉及多部门、多方面因素交织在一起的复杂工程。 我国正处在经济高速发展的社会主义初级阶段，没有任何来自于其他国家可以借鉴的经验， 随着国民经济的持续、稳定的发展，“军民结合”战略实施的不断深入，还会产生更多新的 问题，对军工企业提出更高的要求。我国在本领域的研究尚处于探索阶段，进行军品、民品 455 技术的双向转化的机制、对民品员工进行激励等，都需要更加深入的研究。为了更有力的推 进“军民战略”的实施，我们应该在吸取国外先进经验的同时，结合我国的实际国情，探索 出一条适合我国军工企业实施“军民结合”战略的道路。 [参考文献] (References) 460 [1] 2012 年政府工作报告. 2012. [2] M.W. Peng, P.S. Health. The growth of the firm in planned economies in transition: Institutions. Organizations. and strategic choice[J]. Academy of Management Review, 1996, 21(2):492-528. [3] Runtian Jing, E. P. McDermott. Transformation of State-Owned Enterprises in China: A Strategic Action Model. Management and Organization Review, 2012. Accepted. 465 [4] G.F. Davis, C. Marquis. Prospects for organization theory in the early twenty-first century: Institutional fields and mechanisms[J]. Organization Science, 2005, 16(4): 332-343. [5] 顾琴轩.郭培芳.组织行为学（第二版）[M].上海:上海人民出版社.2007. [6] K. E.Weick, Robert E. Quinn. Organizational change and development[J]. Annual Review of Psychology, 1999, 50(2): 361-386. [7] K. E. Weick. Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems[J]. Administrative 470 Science Quarterly, 1976, 21, 1-19. [8] K. E.Weick. Emergent change as a universal in organizations[J]. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000, 223-224. [9] R. Greenwood, M. Raynard. Institutional complexity and organizational responses[J]. The Academy of 475 Management Annals, 2011, 5(1): 317-371. [10] J. D.Thompson. Organizations in action: Social science bases of administrative theory[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967. [11] R. B. Glassman. Persistence and loose coupling in living systems[J]. Behavioral Science, 1973, 18, 83-98. [12] K. E. Weick. Management of organizational change among loosely coupled elements[J]. In P. S. Goodman & 480 Associates(Eds.), Change in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1982a, 375-408. [13] J. Pfeffer. The micropolitics of organizations. In M. W. Meyer & Associates(Eds.), Environments and organizations[M]. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978, 29-50. [14] J. D. Orton, K. E. Weick. Loosely coupled systems: A reconceptualization [J]. Academy of Management Review, 1990, 15(2): 203-223. 485 [15] M. Page-Jones. The practical guide to structured systems design[M]. New York: Yourdon Press, 1980. [16] W. R. Scott, G. F. Davis. Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural, and open system perspective[M]. Pearson Prentice Hall. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, 2007. [17] E. H. Schein. Organizational culture and leadership(3rd Edition)[M]. Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2009. 490 [18] L. Smircich. Concepts of culture and organizational analysis[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1983a, 28, 339-359. [19] A. Giddens. Central problems in social theory[M]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979. [20] E. Goffman. Interaction ritual[M]. New York: Basic Books, 1967. [21] R. Burgleman. A process model of internal corporate venturing in the diversified major firm[J]. 495 Administrative Science Quarterly, 1983, 28, 223-244. [22] L. Smircich, G. Morgan. Leadership: the management of meaning[J]. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1982, 18, 257-273. [23] D. Meyerson, J. Martin. Cultural change: An integration of three different views[J]. Journal of Management Studies, 1987, 24(11): 623-647. 500 [24] C. Geertz. The interpretation of cultures[M]. New York: Basic Books, 1973. [25] E. H.Schein.The role of founder in creating organizational culture[J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1983, 12(1): 13-28. [26] J. D. Pettigrew. Binocular visual processing in the owl's telencephalon[J]. Proceeding of the Royal Society, 1979, 204(1157): 435-454. 505 [27] A. Bergesen, E. Kurzweil. Cultural analysis[M]. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984. [28] Webster. The American heritage dictionary[M]. New York: Dell Publishing, 1985. [29] C. Barnard. Functions of the executive[M]. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938. [30] D. Golding. Establishing blissful clarity in organizational life: managers[J]. Sociological Review, 1980, 28, 763-782. 510 [31] P. Selznick. Leadership in Administration. Evanston: Row Peterson, 1957. [32] D. Meyerson, J. Martin. Culture change: An integration of three different views[J]. Journal of Management Studies, 1987, 24, 623-647. [33] R. K. Yin. Case Study Research : Design and Methods[M]. Beverly Hills, CA : Sage, 1989. [34] 靳利华. 冷战后三种国家文化安全的战略选择之比较研究[J]. 大庆师范学院学报, 2007, 27（1）: 28-31. 515 [35] 郑永安，袁晓军，刘咏芳. 航空科技工业民用化发展探索[J]. 国防科技工业, 2011, 4, 40-42. [36] Edgar Schein. Organizational leadership and culture[M]. Boston: John Wiley and Sons, 1992. 学术论文网Tag：代写硕士论文 代写论文 代写MBA论文 |
